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41.
Eric Pels 《Research in Transportation Economics》2008,24(1):68-74
The paper discusses airline network competition. Low-cost airlines and conventional airlines have distinctly different strategies and network types. This determines their ability to compete with other airlines in specific markets. The paper discusses the lack of competition between conventional airlines in local markets, and sees why low-cost airlines are the primary source of competition in such markets. Conventional airlines are relatively strong on long-haul markets, using their networks to keep costs per seat relatively low. Charter airlines show that a long-haul low-cost strategy is feasible For scheduled low-cost airlines, this may be more difficult, but this does not automatically mean that low-cost airlines cannot enter thick long-haul markets. 相似文献
42.
系统论述了中国轿车市场1978--2008年发生的5次波动。通过对前4次波动的研究,提出了新的车市研究方法体系一车市波动分析法,该方法成功预报了第5次波动期的主要阶段。详细介绍了轿车市场第5次波动期的全过程,分析了中国轿车市场波动规律的“井喷”和“余喷”现象,以及2009--2010年轿车市场发展趋势。 相似文献
43.
This paper develops a model of airport and airline competition in a three-stage game. We analyse incentives for vertical collusion between one airport and one airline that compete with another airport and another airline, by means of static and dynamic games. We find that incentives for collusion exist when airports and airlines have different market sizes and, under certain conditions, also when secondary airports and low cost airlines compete with main airports and full service airlines. 相似文献
44.
Ecophysiological growth characteristics and modeling of the onset of the spring bloom in the Baltic Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The onset of spring bloom in temperate areas is a transition period where the low productive, winter phytoplankton community is transformed into a high productive spring community. Downwelling irradiance, mixing depth and the ability of the phytoplankton community to utilize the light, are key parameters determining the timing of the onset of the spring bloom. Knowing these parameters would thus provide tools for modeling the spring bloom and enhance our knowledge of ecophysiological processes during this period.Our main objective with this study was to provide data for the growth characteristics of some key species forming the spring bloom in the Gulf of Finland, and to apply those results in a simple dynamic model for the onset of the spring bloom, in order to test if the timing of the spring bloom predicted by the models corresponds to field observations. We investigated the photosynthetic characteristics of three diatoms and two dinoflagellates (Chaetoceros wighamii, Melosira arctica, Thalassiosira baltica, Scrippsiella hangoei and Woloszynskia halophila), at low temperatures (4–5 °C). All of these species are common during spring bloom in the Baltic Sea.Cultures of these species were acclimated to different irradiance regimes prior to measurements of photosynthesis, respiration, pigment concentration and light absorption. We did not find a positive relationship between respiration and growth rate, and we hypothesize that this relationship, which is well established at higher temperatures, is negligible or absent at low temperatures (< 10 °C). Photosynthetic maximum (Pm), and maximum light utilization coefficient (α) was lowest and respiration (R) highest in the dinoflagellates.We made a model of the onset of the spring bloom in the western part of Gulf of Finland, using the obtained data together with monitoring data of mixing depth and water transparency from this area. Model results were compared to field observations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration. There was a good agreement between the model predictions and the observed onset of the spring bloom for the diatoms. S. hangoei, however, was not able to reach positive production in the model, and W. halophila had the similar growth characteristics as S. hangoei. Consequently, these species must have other competition strategies enabling them to exist and grow during spring bloom. 相似文献
45.
主要介绍了灵便型多用途船舶市场需求的趋势以及其设计理念。这一新理念的3万吨级多用途船被命名为"超灵便"型,4家中国船厂迄今收到了总共22艘该型船舶的订单,另有许多其他船舶公司表达了今后订购的意向。 相似文献
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文中通过对我国沿海港口建设和生产发展状况进行分析,指出了产生码头超能力靠泊的原因,并深入讨论了码头超能力靠泊的危害,最后,从提高码头生产效率、遵守限定条件靠泊核准的新船型等方面提出了解决码头超能力靠泊的方法。 相似文献
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回顾过去的10年,我国轿车市场的消费结构及产销情况都发生了巨大的变化。文章对2000—2009年各年度的轿车市场状况进行了回顾与分析,阐述了各年度轿车市场的特点及各品牌轿车的贡献。指出从2009年上半年我国轿车市场的运行状况来看,2010年我国轿车产销量还将保持较快增长态势,但增幅小于2009年,增幅将在20%左右;2010年将迎来我国新能源汽车发展的元年。 相似文献